POSIX

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• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• DESCRIPTION
• NOTE
• CAVEATS
• FUNCTIONS
• CLASSES
  • POSIX::SigAction
  • POSIX::SigSet
  • POSIX::Termios
• PATHNAME CONSTANTS
• POSIX CONSTANTS
• SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
• ERRNO
• FCNTL
• FLOAT
• LIMITS
• LOCALE
• MATH
• SIGNAL
• STAT
• STDLIB
• STDIO
• TIME
• UNISTD
• WAIT

NAME

POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1

SYNOPSIS

    use POSIX;
    use POSIX qw(setsid);
    use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);

    printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;

    $sess_id = POSIX::setsid();

    $fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
	# note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle

DESCRIPTION

The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard POSIX 1003.1 identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish interfaces.

Everything is exported by default with the exception of any POSIX functions with the same name as a built-in Perl function, such as abs, alarm, rmdir, write, etc.., which will be exported only if you ask for them explicitly. This is an unfortunate backwards compatibility feature. You can stop the exporting by saying use POSIX () and then use the fully qualified names (ie. POSIX::SEEK_END ).

This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX module. Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on most features. Consult perlfunc for functions which are noted as being identical to Perl's builtin functions.

The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification. The second section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects, and other miscellaneous objects. The remaining sections list various constants and macros in an organization which roughly follows IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993.

NOTE

The POSIX module is probably the most complex Perl module supplied with the standard distribution. It incorporates autoloading, namespace games, and dynamic loading of code that's in Perl, C, or both. It's a great source of wisdom.

CAVEATS

A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If you attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that they aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent should one exist. For example, trying to access the setjmp() call will elicit the message "setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead".

Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites). For example, one vendor may not define EDEADLK, or the semantics of the errno values set by open(2) might not be quite right. Perl does not attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can currently successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program you find that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable ICANON macro after all. This could be construed to be a bug.

FUNCTIONS

• _exit

  This is identical to the C function _exit() . It exits the program immediately which means among other things buffered I/O is not flushed.

  Note that when using threads and in Linux this is not a good way to exit a thread because in Linux processes and threads are kind of the same thing (Note: while this is the situation in early 2003 there are projects under way to have threads with more POSIXly semantics in Linux). If you want not to return from a thread, detach the thread.

• abort

  This is identical to the C function abort() . It terminates the process with a SIGABRT signal unless caught by a signal handler or if the handler does not return normally (it e.g. does a longjmp ).

• abs

  This is identical to Perl's builtin abs() function, returning the absolute value of its numerical argument.

• access

  Determines the accessibility of a file.

  	if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
  		print "have read permission\n";
  	}

  Returns undef on failure. Note: do not use access() for security purposes. Between the access() call and the operation you are preparing for the permissions might change: a classic race condition.

• acos

  This is identical to the C function acos() , returning the arcus cosine of its numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.

• alarm

  This is identical to Perl's builtin alarm() function, either for arming or disarming the SIGARLM timer.

• asctime

  This is identical to the C function asctime() . It returns a string of the form

  	"Fri Jun  2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"

  and it is called thusly

  	$asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year,
  			   $wday, $yday, $isdst);

  The $mon is zero-based: January equals 0 . The $year is 1900-based: 2001 equals 101 . The $wday , $yday , and $isdst default to zero (and the first two are usually ignored anyway).

• asin

  This is identical to the C function asin() , returning the arcus sine of its numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.

• assert

  Unimplemented, but you can use die and the Carp module to achieve similar things.

• atan

  This is identical to the C function atan() , returning the arcus tangent of its numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.

• atan2

  This is identical to Perl's builtin atan2() function, returning the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the y coordinate and the x coordinate. See also Math::Trig.

• atexit

  atexit() is C-specific: use END {} instead, see perlsub.

• atof

  atof() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.

• atoi

  atoi() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. If you need to have just the integer part, see int.

• atol

  atol() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently. If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it. If you need to have just the integer part, see int.

• bsearch

  bsearch() not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists, see Search::Dict.

• calloc

  calloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.

• ceil

  This is identical to the C function ceil() , returning the smallest integer value greater than or equal to the given numerical argument.

• chdir

  This is identical to Perl's builtin chdir() function, allowing one to change the working (default) directory, see chdir.

• chmod

  This is identical to Perl's builtin chmod() function, allowing one to change file and directory permissions, see chmod.

• chown

  This is identical to Perl's builtin chown() function, allowing one to change file and directory owners and groups, see chown.

• clearerr

  Use the method IO::Handle::clearerr() instead, to reset the error state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given stream.

• clock

  This is identical to the C function clock() , returning the amount of spent processor time in microseconds.

• close

  Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open .

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
  	POSIX::close( $fd );

  Returns undef on failure.

  See also close.

• closedir

  This is identical to Perl's builtin closedir() function for closing a directory handle, see closedir.

• cos

  This is identical to Perl's builtin cos() function, for returning the cosine of its numerical argument, see cos. See also Math::Trig.

• cosh

  This is identical to the C function cosh() , for returning the hyperbolic cosine of its numeric argument. See also Math::Trig.

• creat

  Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the ones returned by POSIX::open . Use POSIX::close to close the file.

  	$fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 );
  	POSIX::close( $fd );

  See also sysopen and its O_CREAT flag.

• ctermid

  Generates the path name for the controlling terminal.

  	$path = POSIX::ctermid();

• ctime

  This is identical to the C function ctime() and equivalent to asctime(localtime(...)) , see "asctime" and "localtime".

• cuserid

  Get the login name of the owner of the current process.

  	$name = POSIX::cuserid();

• difftime

  This is identical to the C function difftime() , for returning the time difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned by time()), see "time".

• div

  div() is C-specific, use int on the usual / division and the modulus % .

• dup

  This is similar to the C function dup() , for duplicating a file descriptor.

  This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open .

  Returns undef on failure.

• dup2

  This is similar to the C function dup2() , for duplicating a file descriptor to an another known file descriptor.

  This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open .

  Returns undef on failure.

• errno

  Returns the value of errno.

  	$errno = POSIX::errno();

  This identical to the numerical values of the $! , see "$ERRNO" in perlvar.

• execl

  execl() is C-specific, see exec.

• execle

  execle() is C-specific, see exec.

• execlp

  execlp() is C-specific, see exec.

• execv

  execv() is C-specific, see exec.

• execve

  execve() is C-specific, see exec.

• execvp

  execvp() is C-specific, see exec.

• exit

  This is identical to Perl's builtin exit() function for exiting the program, see exit.

• exp

  This is identical to Perl's builtin exp() function for returning the exponent (e-based) of the numerical argument, see exp.

• fabs

  This is identical to Perl's builtin abs() function for returning the absolute value of the numerical argument, see abs.

• fclose

  Use method IO::Handle::close() instead, or see close.

• fcntl

  This is identical to Perl's builtin fcntl() function, see fcntl.

• fdopen

  Use method IO::Handle::new_from_fd() instead, or see open.

• feof

  Use method IO::Handle::eof() instead, or see eof.

• ferror

  Use method IO::Handle::error() instead.

• fflush

  Use method IO::Handle::flush() instead. See also "$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH" in perlvar.

• fgetc

  Use method IO::Handle::getc() instead, or see read.

• fgetpos

  Use method IO::Seekable::getpos() instead, or see "seek" in L.

• fgets

  Use method IO::Handle::gets() instead. Similar to <>, also known as readline.

• fileno

  Use method IO::Handle::fileno() instead, or see fileno.

• floor

  This is identical to the C function floor() , returning the largest integer value less than or equal to the numerical argument.

• fmod

  This is identical to the C function fmod() .

  	$r = fmod($x, $y);

  It returns the remainder $r = $x - $n*$y , where $n = trunc($x/$y) . The $r has the same sign as $x and magnitude (absolute value) less than the magnitude of $y .

• fopen

  Use method IO::File::open() instead, or see open.

• fork

  This is identical to Perl's builtin fork() function for duplicating the current process, see fork and perlfork if you are in Windows.

• fpathconf

  Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open .

  The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable pathname on the filesystem which holds /var/foo.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "/var/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
  	$path_max = POSIX::fpathconf( $fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );

  Returns undef on failure.

• fprintf

  fprintf() is C-specific, see printf instead.

• fputc

  fputc() is C-specific, see print instead.

• fputs

  fputs() is C-specific, see print instead.

• fread

  fread() is C-specific, see read instead.

• free

  free() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.

• freopen

  freopen() is C-specific, see open instead.

• frexp

  Return the mantissa and exponent of a floating-point number.

  	($mantissa, $exponent) = POSIX::frexp( 1.234e56 );

• fscanf

  fscanf() is C-specific, use <> and regular expressions instead.

• fseek

  Use method IO::Seekable::seek() instead, or see seek.

• fsetpos

  Use method IO::Seekable::setpos() instead, or seek seek.

• fstat

  Get file status. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open . The data returned is identical to the data from Perl's builtin stat function.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
  	@stats = POSIX::fstat( $fd );

• fsync

  Use method IO::Handle::sync() instead.

• ftell

  Use method IO::Seekable::tell() instead, or see tell.

• fwrite

  fwrite() is C-specific, see print instead.

• getc

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getc() function, see getc.

• getchar

  Returns one character from STDIN. Identical to Perl's getc(), see getc.

• getcwd

  Returns the name of the current working directory. See also Cwd.

• getegid

  Returns the effective group identifier. Similar to Perl' s builtin variable $( , see "$EGID" in perlvar.

• getenv

  Returns the value of the specified environment variable. The same information is available through the %ENV array.

• geteuid

  Returns the effective user identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin $> variable, see "$EUID" in perlvar.

• getgid

  Returns the user's real group identifier. Similar to Perl's builtin variable $) , see "$GID" in perlvar.

• getgrgid

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getgrgid() function for returning group entries by group identifiers, see getgrgid.

• getgrnam

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getgrnam() function for returning group entries by group names, see getgrnam.

• getgroups

  Returns the ids of the user's supplementary groups. Similar to Perl's builtin variable $) , see "$GID" in perlvar.

• getlogin

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getlogin() function for returning the user name associated with the current session, see getlogin.

• getpgrp

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getpgrp() function for returning the process group identifier of the current process, see getpgrp.

• getpid

  Returns the process identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin variable $$ , see "$PID" in perlvar.

• getppid

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getppid() function for returning the process identifier of the parent process of the current process , see getppid.

• getpwnam

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getpwnam() function for returning user entries by user names, see getpwnam.

• getpwuid

  This is identical to Perl's builtin getpwuid() function for returning user entries by user identifiers, see getpwuid.

• gets

  Returns one line from STDIN , similar to <>, also known as the readline() function, see readline.

  NOTE: if you have C programs that still use gets() , be very afraid. The gets() function is a source of endless grief because it has no buffer overrun checks. It should never be used. The fgets() function should be preferred instead.

• getuid

  Returns the user's identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin $< variable, see "$UID" in perlvar.

• gmtime

  This is identical to Perl's builtin gmtime() function for converting seconds since the epoch to a date in Greenwich Mean Time, see gmtime.

• isalnum

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isalnum . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:alnum:]]/ construct instead, or possibly the /\w/ construct.

• isalpha

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isalpha . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:alpha:]]/ construct instead.

• isatty

  Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified filehandle is connected to a tty. Similar to the -t operator, see -X.

• iscntrl

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered iscntrl . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:cntrl:]]/ construct instead.

• isdigit

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isdigit (unlikely, but still possible). Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:digit:]]/ construct instead, or the /\d/ construct.

• isgraph

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isgraph . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:graph:]]/ construct instead.

• islower

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered islower . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:lower:]]/ construct instead. Do not use /[a-z]/ .

• isprint

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isprint . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:print:]]/ construct instead.

• ispunct

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered ispunct . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:punct:]]/ construct instead.

• isspace

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isspace . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:space:]]/ construct instead, or the /\s/ construct. (Note that /\s/ and /[[:space:]]/ are slightly different in that /[[:space:]]/ can normally match a vertical tab, while /\s/ does not.)

• isupper

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isupper . Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:upper:]]/ construct instead. Do not use /[A-Z]/ .

• isxdigit

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what characters are considered isxdigit (unlikely, but still possible). Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the /[[:xdigit:]]/ construct instead, or simply /[0-9a-f]/i .

• kill

  This is identical to Perl's builtin kill() function for sending signals to processes (often to terminate them), see kill.

• labs

  (For returning absolute values of long integers.) labs() is C-specific, see abs instead.

• ldexp

  This is identical to the C function ldexp() for multiplying floating point numbers with powers of two.

  	$x_quadrupled = POSIX::ldexp($x, 2);

• ldiv

  (For computing dividends of long integers.) ldiv() is C-specific, use / and int() instead.

• link

  This is identical to Perl's builtin link() function for creating hard links into files, see link.

• localeconv

  Get numeric formatting information. Returns a reference to a hash containing the current locale formatting values.

  Here is how to query the database for the de (Deutsch or German) locale.

  	$loc = POSIX::setlocale( &POSIX::LC_ALL, "de" );
  	print "Locale = $loc\n";
  	$lconv = POSIX::localeconv();
  	print "decimal_point	= ", $lconv->{decimal_point},	"\n";
  	print "thousands_sep	= ", $lconv->{thousands_sep},	"\n";
  	print "grouping	= ", $lconv->{grouping},	"\n";
  	print "int_curr_symbol	= ", $lconv->{int_curr_symbol},	"\n";
  	print "currency_symbol	= ", $lconv->{currency_symbol},	"\n";
  	print "mon_decimal_point = ", $lconv->{mon_decimal_point}, "\n";
  	print "mon_thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{mon_thousands_sep}, "\n";
  	print "mon_grouping	= ", $lconv->{mon_grouping},	"\n";
  	print "positive_sign	= ", $lconv->{positive_sign},	"\n";
  	print "negative_sign	= ", $lconv->{negative_sign},	"\n";
  	print "int_frac_digits	= ", $lconv->{int_frac_digits},	"\n";
  	print "frac_digits	= ", $lconv->{frac_digits},	"\n";
  	print "p_cs_precedes	= ", $lconv->{p_cs_precedes},	"\n";
  	print "p_sep_by_space	= ", $lconv->{p_sep_by_space},	"\n";
  	print "n_cs_precedes	= ", $lconv->{n_cs_precedes},	"\n";
  	print "n_sep_by_space	= ", $lconv->{n_sep_by_space},	"\n";
  	print "p_sign_posn	= ", $lconv->{p_sign_posn},	"\n";
  	print "n_sign_posn	= ", $lconv->{n_sign_posn},	"\n";

• localtime

  This is identical to Perl's builtin localtime() function for converting seconds since the epoch to a date see localtime.

• log

  This is identical to Perl's builtin log() function, returning the natural (e-based) logarithm of the numerical argument, see log.

• log10

  This is identical to the C function log10() , returning the 10-base logarithm of the numerical argument. You can also use

      sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) }

  or

      sub log10 { log($_[0]) / 2.30258509299405 }

  or

      sub log10 { log($_[0]) * 0.434294481903252 }

• longjmp

  longjmp() is C-specific: use die instead.

• lseek

  Move the file's read/write position. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open .

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
  	$off_t = POSIX::lseek( $fd, 0, &POSIX::SEEK_SET );

  Returns undef on failure.

• malloc

  malloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.

• mblen

  This is identical to the C function mblen() . Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.

• mbstowcs

  This is identical to the C function mbstowcs() . Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.

• mbtowc

  This is identical to the C function mbtowc() . Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.

• memchr

  memchr() is C-specific, see index instead.

• memcmp

  memcmp() is C-specific, use eq instead, see perlop.

• memcpy

  memcpy() is C-specific, use = , see perlop, or see substr.

• memmove

  memmove() is C-specific, use = , see perlop, or see substr.

• memset

  memset() is C-specific, use x instead, see perlop.

• mkdir

  This is identical to Perl's builtin mkdir() function for creating directories, see mkdir.

• mkfifo

  This is similar to the C function mkfifo() for creating FIFO special files.

  	if (mkfifo($path, $mode)) { ....

  Returns undef on failure. The $mode is similar to the mode of mkdir(), see mkdir.

• mktime

  Convert date/time info to a calendar time.

  Synopsis:

  	mktime(sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = 0, yday = 0, isdst = 0)

  The month (mon ), weekday (wday ), and yearday (yday ) begin at zero. I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The year (year ) is given in years since 1900. I.e. The year 1995 is 95; the year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's mktime() manpage for details about these and the other arguments.

  Calendar time for December 12, 1995, at 10:30 am.

  	$time_t = POSIX::mktime( 0, 30, 10, 12, 11, 95 );
  	print "Date = ", POSIX::ctime($time_t);

  Returns undef on failure.

• modf

  Return the integral and fractional parts of a floating-point number.

  	($fractional, $integral) = POSIX::modf( 3.14 );

• nice

  This is similar to the C function nice() , for changing the scheduling preference of the current process. Positive arguments mean more polite process, negative values more needy process. Normal user processes can only be more polite.

  Returns undef on failure.

• offsetof

  offsetof() is C-specific, you probably want to see pack instead.

• open

  Open a file for reading for writing. This returns file descriptors, not Perl filehandles. Use POSIX::close to close the file.

  Open a file read-only with mode 0666.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo" );

  Open a file for read and write.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDWR );

  Open a file for write, with truncation.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY | &POSIX::O_TRUNC );

  Create a new file with mode 0640. Set up the file for writing.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_CREAT | &POSIX::O_WRONLY, 0640 );

  Returns undef on failure.

  See also sysopen.

• opendir

  Open a directory for reading.

  	$dir = POSIX::opendir( "/var" );
  	@files = POSIX::readdir( $dir );
  	POSIX::closedir( $dir );

  Returns undef on failure.

• pathconf

  Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory.

  The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable pathname on the filesystem which holds /var.

  	$path_max = POSIX::pathconf( "/var", &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );

  Returns undef on failure.

• pause

  This is similar to the C function pause() , which suspends the execution of the current process until a signal is received.

  Returns undef on failure.

• perror

  This is identical to the C function perror() , which outputs to the standard error stream the specified message followed by ": " and the current error string. Use the warn() function and the $! variable instead, see warn and "$ERRNO" in perlvar.

• pipe

  Create an interprocess channel. This returns file descriptors like those returned by POSIX::open .

  	my ($read, $write) = POSIX::pipe();
  	POSIX::write( $write, "hello", 5 );
  	POSIX::read( $read, $buf, 5 );

  See also pipe.

• pow

  Computes $x raised to the power $exponent .

  	$ret = POSIX::pow( $x, $exponent );

  You can also use the ** operator, see perlop.

• printf

  Formats and prints the specified arguments to STDOUT. See also printf.

• putc

  putc() is C-specific, see print instead.

• putchar

  putchar() is C-specific, see print instead.

• puts

  puts() is C-specific, see print instead.

• qsort

  qsort() is C-specific, see sort instead.

• raise

  Sends the specified signal to the current process. See also kill and the $$ in "$PID" in perlvar.

• rand

  rand() is non-portable, see rand instead.

• read

  Read from a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open . If the buffer $buf is not large enough for the read then Perl will extend it to make room for the request.

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
  	$bytes = POSIX::read( $fd, $buf, 3 );

  Returns undef on failure.

  See also sysread.

• readdir

  This is identical to Perl's builtin readdir() function for reading directory entries, see readdir.

• realloc

  realloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.

• remove

  This is identical to Perl's builtin unlink() function for removing files, see unlink.

• rename

  This is identical to Perl's builtin rename() function for renaming files, see rename.

• rewind

  Seeks to the beginning of the file.

• rewinddir

  This is identical to Perl's builtin rewinddir() function for rewinding directory entry streams, see rewinddir.

• rmdir

  This is identical to Perl's builtin rmdir() function for removing (empty) directories, see rmdir.

• scanf

  scanf() is C-specific, use <> and regular expressions instead, see perlre.

• setgid

  Sets the real group identifier and the effective group identifier for this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin $) variable, see "$GID" in perlvar, except that the latter will change only the real user identifier, and that the setgid() uses only a single numeric argument, as opposed to a space-separated list of numbers.

• setjmp

  setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead, see eval.

• setlocale

  Modifies and queries program's locale. The following examples assume

  	use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL LC_CTYPE);

  has been issued.

  The following will set the traditional UNIX system locale behavior (the second argument "C" ).

  	$loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "C" );

  The following will query the current LC_CTYPE category. (No second argument means 'query'.)

  	$loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE );

  The following will set the LC_CTYPE behaviour according to the locale environment variables (the second argument "" ). Please see your systems setlocale(3) documentation for the locale environment variables' meaning or consult perllocale.

  	$loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE, "" );

  The following will set the LC_COLLATE behaviour to Argentinian Spanish. NOTE: The naming and availability of locales depends on your operating system. Please consult perllocale for how to find out which locales are available in your system.

  	$loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "es_AR.ISO8859-1" );

• setpgid

  This is similar to the C function setpgid() for setting the process group identifier of the current process.

  Returns undef on failure.

• setsid

  This is identical to the C function setsid() for setting the session identifier of the current process.

• setuid

  Sets the real user identifier and the effective user identifier for this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin $< variable, see "$UID" in perlvar, except that the latter will change only the real user identifier.

• sigaction

  Detailed signal management. This uses POSIX::SigAction objects for the action and oldaction arguments. Consult your system's sigaction manpage for details.

  Synopsis:

  	sigaction(signal, action, oldaction = 0)

  Returns undef on failure. The signal must be a number (like SIGHUP), not a string (like "SIGHUP"), though Perl does try hard to understand you.

• siglongjmp

  siglongjmp() is C-specific: use die instead.

• sigpending

  Examine signals that are blocked and pending. This uses POSIX::SigSet objects for the sigset argument. Consult your system's sigpending manpage for details.

  Synopsis:

  	sigpending(sigset)

  Returns undef on failure.

• sigprocmask

  Change and/or examine calling process's signal mask. This uses POSIX::SigSet objects for the sigset and oldsigset arguments. Consult your system's sigprocmask manpage for details.

  Synopsis:

  	sigprocmask(how, sigset, oldsigset = 0)

  Returns undef on failure.

• sigsetjmp

  sigsetjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead, see eval.

• sigsuspend

  Install a signal mask and suspend process until signal arrives. This uses POSIX::SigSet objects for the signal_mask argument. Consult your system's sigsuspend manpage for details.

  Synopsis:

  	sigsuspend(signal_mask)

  Returns undef on failure.

• sin

  This is identical to Perl's builtin sin() function for returning the sine of the numerical argument, see sin. See also Math::Trig.

• sinh

  This is identical to the C function sinh() for returning the hyperbolic sine of the numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.

• sleep

  This is functionally identical to Perl's builtin sleep() function for suspending the execution of the current for process for certain number of seconds, see sleep. There is one significant difference, however: POSIX::sleep() returns the number of unslept seconds, while the CORE::sleep() returns the number of slept seconds.

• sprintf

  This is similar to Perl's builtin sprintf() function for returning a string that has the arguments formatted as requested, see sprintf.

• sqrt

  This is identical to Perl's builtin sqrt() function. for returning the square root of the numerical argument, see sqrt.

• srand

  Give a seed the pseudorandom number generator, see srand.

• sscanf

  sscanf() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.

• stat

  This is identical to Perl's builtin stat() function for returning information about files and directories.

• strcat

  strcat() is C-specific, use .= instead, see perlop.

• strchr

  strchr() is C-specific, see index instead.

• strcmp

  strcmp() is C-specific, use eq or cmp instead, see perlop.

• strcoll

  This is identical to the C function strcoll() for collating (comparing) strings transformed using the strxfrm() function. Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see perllocale.

• strcpy

  strcpy() is C-specific, use = instead, see perlop.

• strcspn

  strcspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.

• strerror

  Returns the error string for the specified errno. Identical to the string form of the $! , see "$ERRNO" in perlvar.

• strftime

  Convert date and time information to string. Returns the string.

  Synopsis:

  	strftime(fmt, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = -1, yday = -1, isdst = -1)

  The month (mon ), weekday (wday ), and yearday (yday ) begin at zero. I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The year (year ) is given in years since 1900. I.e., the year 1995 is 95; the year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's strftime() manpage for details about these and the other arguments.

  If you want your code to be portable, your format (fmt ) argument should use only the conversion specifiers defined by the ANSI C standard (C89, to play safe). These are aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYZ% . But even then, the results of some of the conversion specifiers are non-portable. For example, the specifiers aAbBcpZ change according to the locale settings of the user, and both how to set locales (the locale names) and what output to expect are non-standard. The specifier c changes according to the timezone settings of the user and the timezone computation rules of the operating system. The Z specifier is notoriously unportable since the names of timezones are non-standard. Sticking to the numeric specifiers is the safest route.

  The given arguments are made consistent as though by calling mktime() before calling your system's strftime() function, except that the isdst value is not affected.

  The string for Tuesday, December 12, 1995.

  	$str = POSIX::strftime( "%A, %B %d, %Y", 0, 0, 0, 12, 11, 95, 2 );
  	print "$str\n";

• strlen

  strlen() is C-specific, use length() instead, see length.

• strncat

  strncat() is C-specific, use .= instead, see perlop.

• strncmp

  strncmp() is C-specific, use eq instead, see perlop.

• strncpy

  strncpy() is C-specific, use = instead, see perlop.

• strpbrk

  strpbrk() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.

• strrchr

  strrchr() is C-specific, see rindex instead.

• strspn

  strspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre.

• strstr

  This is identical to Perl's builtin index() function, see index.

• strtod

  String to double translation. Returns the parsed number and the number of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation error, so clear $! before calling strtod. However, non-POSIX systems may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.

  strtod should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.

  To parse a string $str as a floating point number use

      $! = 0;
      ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtod($str);

  The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:

      if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || $!) {
          die "Non-numeric input $str" . ($! ? ": $!\n" : "\n");
      }

  When called in a scalar context strtod returns the parsed number.

• strtok

  strtok() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see perlre, or split.

• strtol

  String to (long) integer translation. Returns the parsed number and the number of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation error, so clear $! before calling strtol. However, non-POSIX systems may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.

  strtol should respect any POSIX setlocale() settings.

  To parse a string $str as a number in some base $base use

      $! = 0;
      ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtol($str, $base);

  The base should be zero or between 2 and 36, inclusive. When the base is zero or omitted strtol will use the string itself to determine the base: a leading "0x" or "0X" means hexadecimal; a leading "0" means octal; any other leading characters mean decimal. Thus, "1234" is parsed as a decimal number, "01234" as an octal number, and "0x1234" as a hexadecimal number.

  The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:

      if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
          die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
      }

  When called in a scalar context strtol returns the parsed number.

• strtoul

  String to unsigned (long) integer translation. strtoul() is identical to strtol() except that strtoul() only parses unsigned integers. See "strtol" for details.

  Note: Some vendors supply strtod() and strtol() but not strtoul(). Other vendors that do supply strtoul() parse "-1" as a valid value.

• strxfrm

  String transformation. Returns the transformed string.

  	$dst = POSIX::strxfrm( $src );

  Used in conjunction with the strcoll() function, see "strcoll".

  Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see perllocale.

• sysconf

  Retrieves values of system configurable variables.

  The following will get the machine's clock speed.

  	$clock_ticks = POSIX::sysconf( &POSIX::_SC_CLK_TCK );

  Returns undef on failure.

• system

  This is identical to Perl's builtin system() function, see system.

• tan

  This is identical to the C function tan() , returning the tangent of the numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.

• tanh

  This is identical to the C function tanh() , returning the hyperbolic tangent of the numerical argument. See also Math::Trig.

• tcdrain

  This is similar to the C function tcdrain() for draining the output queue of its argument stream.

  Returns undef on failure.

• tcflow

  This is similar to the C function tcflow() for controlling the flow of its argument stream.

  Returns undef on failure.

• tcflush

  This is similar to the C function tcflush() for flushing the I/O buffers of its argument stream.

  Returns undef on failure.

• tcgetpgrp

  This is identical to the C function tcgetpgrp() for returning the process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal.

• tcsendbreak

  This is similar to the C function tcsendbreak() for sending a break on its argument stream.

  Returns undef on failure.

• tcsetpgrp

  This is similar to the C function tcsetpgrp() for setting the process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal.

  Returns undef on failure.

• time

  This is identical to Perl's builtin time() function for returning the number of seconds since the epoch (whatever it is for the system), see time.

• times

  The times() function returns elapsed realtime since some point in the past (such as system startup), user and system times for this process, and user and system times used by child processes. All times are returned in clock ticks.

      ($realtime, $user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = POSIX::times();

  Note: Perl's builtin times() function returns four values, measured in seconds.

• tmpfile

  Use method IO::File::new_tmpfile() instead, or see File::Temp.

• tmpnam

  Returns a name for a temporary file.

  	$tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam();

  For security reasons, which are probably detailed in your system's documentation for the C library tmpnam() function, this interface should not be used; instead see File::Temp.

• tolower

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Consider using the lc() function, see lc, or the equivalent \L operator inside doublequotish strings.

• toupper

  This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single character or to a whole string. Consider using the uc() function, see uc, or the equivalent \U operator inside doublequotish strings.

• ttyname

  This is identical to the C function ttyname() for returning the name of the current terminal.

• tzname

  Retrieves the time conversion information from the tzname variable.

  	POSIX::tzset();
  	($std, $dst) = POSIX::tzname();

• tzset

  This is identical to the C function tzset() for setting the current timezone based on the environment variable TZ , to be used by ctime() , localtime(), mktime() , and strftime() functions.

• umask

  This is identical to Perl's builtin umask() function for setting (and querying) the file creation permission mask, see umask.

• uname

  Get name of current operating system.

  	($sysname, $nodename, $release, $version, $machine) = POSIX::uname();

  Note that the actual meanings of the various fields are not that well standardized, do not expect any great portability. The $sysname might be the name of the operating system, the $nodename might be the name of the host, the $release might be the (major) release number of the operating system, the $version might be the (minor) release number of the operating system, and the $machine might be a hardware identifier. Maybe.

• ungetc

  Use method IO::Handle::ungetc() instead.

• unlink

  This is identical to Perl's builtin unlink() function for removing files, see unlink.

• utime

  This is identical to Perl's builtin utime() function for changing the time stamps of files and directories, see utime.

• vfprintf

  vfprintf() is C-specific, see printf instead.

• vprintf

  vprintf() is C-specific, see printf instead.

• vsprintf

  vsprintf() is C-specific, see sprintf instead.

• wait

  This is identical to Perl's builtin wait() function, see wait.

• waitpid

  Wait for a child process to change state. This is identical to Perl's builtin waitpid() function, see waitpid.

  	$pid = POSIX::waitpid( -1, POSIX::WNOHANG );
  	print "status = ", ($? / 256), "\n";

• wcstombs

  This is identical to the C function wcstombs() . Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.

• wctomb

  This is identical to the C function wctomb() . Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather useless function.

• write

  Write to a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling POSIX::open .

  	$fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY );
  	$buf = "hello";
  	$bytes = POSIX::write( $b, $buf, 5 );

  Returns undef on failure.

  See also syswrite.

CLASSES

POSIX::SigAction

• new

  Creates a new POSIX::SigAction object which corresponds to the C struct sigaction . This object will be destroyed automatically when it is no longer needed. The first parameter is the fully-qualified name of a sub which is a signal-handler. The second parameter is a POSIX::SigSet object, it defaults to the empty set. The third parameter contains the sa_flags , it defaults to 0.

  	$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new(SIGINT, SIGQUIT);
  	$sigaction = POSIX::SigAction->new( \&main::handler, $sigset, &POSIX::SA_NOCLDSTOP );

  This POSIX::SigAction object is intended for use with the POSIX::sigaction() function.

• handler
• mask
• flags

  accessor functions to get/set the values of a SigAction object.

  	$sigset = $sigaction->mask;
  	$sigaction->flags(&POSIX::SA_RESTART);

• safe

  accessor function for the "safe signals" flag of a SigAction object; see perlipc for general information on safe (a.k.a. "deferred") signals. If you wish to handle a signal safely, use this accessor to set the "safe" flag in the POSIX::SigAction object:

  	$sigaction->safe(1);

  You may also examine the "safe" flag on the output action object which is filled in when given as the third parameter to POSIX::sigaction() :

  	sigaction(SIGINT, $new_action, $old_action);
  	if ($old_action->safe) {
  	    # previous SIGINT handler used safe signals
  	}

POSIX::SigSet

• new

  Create a new SigSet object. This object will be destroyed automatically when it is no longer needed. Arguments may be supplied to initialize the set.

  Create an empty set.

  	$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new;

  Create a set with SIGUSR1.

  	$sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 );

• addset

  Add a signal to a SigSet object.

  	$sigset->addset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );

  Returns undef on failure.

• delset

  Remove a signal from the SigSet object.

  	$sigset->delset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );

  Returns undef on failure.

• emptyset

  Initialize the SigSet object to be empty.

  	$sigset->emptyset();

  Returns undef on failure.

• fillset

  Initialize the SigSet object to include all signals.

  	$sigset->fillset();

  Returns undef on failure.

• ismember

  Tests the SigSet object to see if it contains a specific signal.

  	if( $sigset->ismember( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 ) ){
  		print "contains SIGUSR1\n";
  	}

POSIX::Termios

• new

  Create a new Termios object. This object will be destroyed automatically when it is no longer needed. A Termios object corresponds to the termios C struct. new() mallocs a new one, getattr() fills it from a file descriptor, and setattr() sets a file descriptor's parameters to match Termios' contents.

  	$termios = POSIX::Termios->new;

• getattr

  Get terminal control attributes.

  Obtain the attributes for stdin.

  	$termios->getattr()

  Obtain the attributes for stdout.

  	$termios->getattr( 1 )

  Returns undef on failure.

• getcc

  Retrieve a value from the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an array so an index must be specified.

  	$c_cc[1] = $termios->getcc(1);

• getcflag

  Retrieve the c_cflag field of a termios object.

  	$c_cflag = $termios->getcflag;

• getiflag

  Retrieve the c_iflag field of a termios object.

  	$c_iflag = $termios->getiflag;

• getispeed

  Retrieve the input baud rate.

  	$ispeed = $termios->getispeed;

• getlflag

  Retrieve the c_lflag field of a termios object.

  	$c_lflag = $termios->getlflag;

• getoflag

  Retrieve the c_oflag field of a termios object.

  	$c_oflag = $termios->getoflag;

• getospeed

  Retrieve the output baud rate.

  	$ospeed = $termios->getospeed;

• setattr

  Set terminal control attributes.

  Set attributes immediately for stdout.

  	$termios->setattr( 1, &POSIX::TCSANOW );

  Returns undef on failure.

• setcc

  Set a value in the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an array so an index must be specified.

  	$termios->setcc( &POSIX::VEOF, 1 );

• setcflag

  Set the c_cflag field of a termios object.

  	$termios->setcflag( $c_cflag | &POSIX::CLOCAL );

• setiflag

  Set the c_iflag field of a termios object.

  	$termios->setiflag( $c_iflag | &POSIX::BRKINT );

• setispeed

  Set the input baud rate.

  	$termios->setispeed( &POSIX::B9600 );

  Returns undef on failure.

• setlflag

  Set the c_lflag field of a termios object.

  	$termios->setlflag( $c_lflag | &POSIX::ECHO );

• setoflag

  Set the c_oflag field of a termios object.

  	$termios->setoflag( $c_oflag | &POSIX::OPOST );

• setospeed

  Set the output baud rate.

  	$termios->setospeed( &POSIX::B9600 );

  Returns undef on failure.

• Baud rate values

  B38400 B75 B200 B134 B300 B1800 B150 B0 B19200 B1200 B9600 B600 B4800 B50 B2400 B110

• Terminal interface values

  TCSADRAIN TCSANOW TCOON TCIOFLUSH TCOFLUSH TCION TCIFLUSH TCSAFLUSH TCIOFF TCOOFF

• c_cc field values

  VEOF VEOL VERASE VINTR VKILL VQUIT VSUSP VSTART VSTOP VMIN VTIME NCCS

• c_cflag field values

  CLOCAL CREAD CSIZE CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8 CSTOPB HUPCL PARENB PARODD

• c_iflag field values

  BRKINT ICRNL IGNBRK IGNCR IGNPAR INLCR INPCK ISTRIP IXOFF IXON PARMRK

• c_lflag field values

  ECHO ECHOE ECHOK ECHONL ICANON IEXTEN ISIG NOFLSH TOSTOP

• c_oflag field values

  OPOST

PATHNAME CONSTANTS

• Constants

  _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _PC_LINK_MAX _PC_MAX_CANON _PC_MAX_INPUT _PC_NAME_MAX _PC_NO_TRUNC _PC_PATH_MAX _PC_PIPE_BUF _PC_VDISABLE

POSIX CONSTANTS

• Constants

  _POSIX_ARG_MAX _POSIX_CHILD_MAX _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL _POSIX_LINK_MAX _POSIX_MAX_CANON _POSIX_MAX_INPUT _POSIX_NAME_MAX _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX _POSIX_NO_TRUNC _POSIX_OPEN_MAX _POSIX_PATH_MAX _POSIX_PIPE_BUF _POSIX_SAVED_IDS _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX _POSIX_STREAM_MAX _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX _POSIX_VDISABLE _POSIX_VERSION

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

• Constants

  _SC_ARG_MAX _SC_CHILD_MAX _SC_CLK_TCK _SC_JOB_CONTROL _SC_NGROUPS_MAX _SC_OPEN_MAX _SC_PAGESIZE _SC_SAVED_IDS _SC_STREAM_MAX _SC_TZNAME_MAX _SC_VERSION

ERRNO

• Constants

  E2BIG EACCES EADDRINUSE EADDRNOTAVAIL EAFNOSUPPORT EAGAIN EALREADY EBADF EBUSY ECHILD ECONNABORTED ECONNREFUSED ECONNRESET EDEADLK EDESTADDRREQ EDOM EDQUOT EEXIST EFAULT EFBIG EHOSTDOWN EHOSTUNREACH EINPROGRESS EINTR EINVAL EIO EISCONN EISDIR ELOOP EMFILE EMLINK EMSGSIZE ENAMETOOLONG ENETDOWN ENETRESET ENETUNREACH ENFILE ENOBUFS ENODEV ENOENT ENOEXEC ENOLCK ENOMEM ENOPROTOOPT ENOSPC ENOSYS ENOTBLK ENOTCONN ENOTDIR ENOTEMPTY ENOTSOCK ENOTTY ENXIO EOPNOTSUPP EPERM EPFNOSUPPORT EPIPE EPROCLIM EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTOTYPE ERANGE EREMOTE ERESTART EROFS ESHUTDOWN ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESPIPE ESRCH ESTALE ETIMEDOUT ETOOMANYREFS ETXTBSY EUSERS EWOULDBLOCK EXDEV

FCNTL

• Constants

  FD_CLOEXEC F_DUPFD F_GETFD F_GETFL F_GETLK F_OK F_RDLCK F_SETFD F_SETFL F_SETLK F_SETLKW F_UNLCK F_WRLCK O_ACCMODE O_APPEND O_CREAT O_EXCL O_NOCTTY O_NONBLOCK O_RDONLY O_RDWR O_TRUNC O_WRONLY

FLOAT

• Constants

  DBL_DIG DBL_EPSILON DBL_MANT_DIG DBL_MAX DBL_MAX_10_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN DBL_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_DIG FLT_EPSILON FLT_MANT_DIG FLT_MAX FLT_MAX_10_EXP FLT_MAX_EXP FLT_MIN FLT_MIN_10_EXP FLT_MIN_EXP FLT_RADIX FLT_ROUNDS LDBL_DIG LDBL_EPSILON LDBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MAX LDBL_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MIN LDBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP

LIMITS

• Constants

  ARG_MAX CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN CHILD_MAX INT_MAX INT_MIN LINK_MAX LONG_MAX LONG_MIN MAX_CANON MAX_INPUT MB_LEN_MAX NAME_MAX NGROUPS_MAX OPEN_MAX PATH_MAX PIPE_BUF SCHAR_MAX SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN SSIZE_MAX STREAM_MAX TZNAME_MAX UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX

LOCALE

• Constants

  LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME

MATH

• Constants

  HUGE_VAL

SIGNAL

• Constants

  SA_NOCLDSTOP SA_NOCLDWAIT SA_NODEFER SA_ONSTACK SA_RESETHAND SA_RESTART SA_SIGINFO SIGABRT SIGALRM SIGCHLD SIGCONT SIGFPE SIGHUP SIGILL SIGINT SIGKILL SIGPIPE SIGQUIT SIGSEGV SIGSTOP SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIG_BLOCK SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN SIG_SETMASK SIG_UNBLOCK

STAT

• Constants

  S_IRGRP S_IROTH S_IRUSR S_IRWXG S_IRWXO S_IRWXU S_ISGID S_ISUID S_IWGRP S_IWOTH S_IWUSR S_IXGRP S_IXOTH S_IXUSR

• Macros

  S_ISBLK S_ISCHR S_ISDIR S_ISFIFO S_ISREG

STDLIB

• Constants

  EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS MB_CUR_MAX RAND_MAX

STDIO

• Constants

  BUFSIZ EOF FILENAME_MAX L_ctermid L_cuserid L_tmpname TMP_MAX

TIME

• Constants

  CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC

UNISTD

• Constants

  R_OK SEEK_CUR SEEK_END SEEK_SET STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO STDERR_FILENO W_OK X_OK

WAIT

• Constants

  WNOHANG WUNTRACED

  • WNOHANG

    Do not suspend the calling process until a child process changes state but instead return immediately.

  • WUNTRACED

    Catch stopped child processes.

• Macros

  WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG

  • WIFEXITED

    WIFEXITED($?) returns true if the child process exited normally (exit() or by falling off the end of main() )

  • WEXITSTATUS

    WEXITSTATUS($?) returns the normal exit status of the child process (only meaningful if WIFEXITED($?) is true)

  • WIFSIGNALED

    WIFSIGNALED($?) returns true if the child process terminated because of a signal

  • WTERMSIG

    WTERMSIG($?) returns the signal the child process terminated for (only meaningful if WIFSIGNALED($?) is true)

  • WIFSTOPPED

    WIFSTOPPED($?) returns true if the child process is currently stopped (can happen only if you specified the WUNTRACED flag to waitpid())

  • WSTOPSIG

    WSTOPSIG($?) returns the signal the child process was stopped for (only meaningful if WIFSTOPPED($?) is true)